Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction:  Delineation of Anatomic Abnormalities With 3-Dimensional Reconstruction

Figure 1. Representative 3-dimensional reconstruction of the nasolacrimal duct (NLD) from an 11-month-old child without an obstruction (reported in Moscato et al⁶). A, The NLDs are rendered from a frontal view such that the right NLD is shown on the left side to align with the computed tomographic (CT) scans. The NLD was reconstructed from the lacrimal fossa to the distal portion as it enters the inferior meatus. The image above the rightmost NLD shows the view of the NLDs rendered in the skull. B, Representative axial CT images used in the reconstruction from superior to inferior portions of the NLDs. The arrows on the CT scans point to the left NLD.

Figure 2. Three-dimensional reconstruction (A) and representative axial computed tomographic (CT) images (B) used in the reconstruction of the nasolacrimal ducts (NLDs) of patient 1. The NLDs are rendered from a slightly rotated frontal view such that the right duct is shown on the left side to align with the CT scans. The NLD was reconstructed from the lacrimal sac to the distal portion. The image between the 2 ducts shows the view of the NLDs rendered in the skull. The arrows on the CT scans point to the left NLD.

Figure 3. Three-dimensional reconstruction (A) and representative axial computed tomographic (CT) images (B) used in the reconstruction of the nasolacrimal ducts of patient 2. The views of the images follow the same conventions as those in Figure 1. The arrows on the CT scans point to the left nasolacrimal duct.

Figure 4. Three-dimensional reconstruction (A) and representative axial computed tomographic (CT) images (B) used in the reconstruction of the nasolacrimal ducts of patient 3. The views of the images follow the same conventions as those in Figure 1. The arrows on the CT scans point to the left nasolacrimal duct.

Figure 5. Three-dimensional reconstruction (A) and representative axial computed tomographic (CT) images (B) used in the reconstruction of the nasolacrimal ducts of patient 4. The nasolacrimal ducts are rendered from a from a top-down view; otherwise, the views of the images follow the same conventions as those in Figure 1. The arrows on the CT scans point to the left nasolacrimal duct.

Figure 6. Three-dimensional reconstruction (A) and representative axial computed tomographic (CT) images (B) used in the reconstruction of the nasolacrimal ducts of patient 5. The views of the images follow the same conventions as those in Figure 1. The arrows on the CT scans point to the left nasolacrimal duct.

Figure 7. Three-dimensional reconstruction (A) and representative axial computed tomographic (CT) images (B) used in the reconstruction of the nasolacrimal ducts of patient 6. The nasolacrimal ducts are rendered from a slightly rotated view; otherwise, the views of the images follow the same conventions as those in Figure 1. The arrows on the CT scans point to the left nasolacrimal duct.