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May 1929, Vol 1, No. 5 >
ARTICLE | May 1929

THE AQUEOUS HUMOR: Title and subTitle BreakA CRITICAL REVIEW FREE

ARTHUR M. YUDKIN, M.D.
[+] Author Affiliations

Submitted for publication, March 5, 1929.


Arch Ophthalmol. 1929;1(5):615-633. doi:10.1001/archopht.1929.00810010636011
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References
Comments

The science of Galen prevailed until Andreas Vesaleus revealed by his dissection of the ocular tissue of man that the anterior humor of the eye did not resemble the white of an egg but was of a watery nature. Jacob Hovius (1702) some years later described the influx and efflux of this watery fluid in the anterior part of the eye. Since then a noteworthy amount of material has been written on the aqueous humor of man and animal, but a review of the literature discloses the fact that there is still little agreement as to the true nature and mode of formation of this intra-ocular fluid.

Several hypotheses have been presented to explain the mechanism of the formation of the aqueous humor. It is the consensus that the aqueous humor is derived from the circulating fluid—the blood and lymph—of the body. There is still some doubt as to

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Magitot, H., and Dautrevaux: Ann. d'ocul. 159:907, 1922;
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160:147, 1923.
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Von der Heydt : Am. J. Ophth. 6:822, 1923;.
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Türck, S.: Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 49:300, 1911;.
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D'Oswaldo, E.: Ztschr. f. Augenh. 57:311, 1925;.
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Leboucq, G.: Arch. d'opht. 48:252, 1921;.
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Hagen, S.: Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 64:187, 1920;.
60 +
Duke-Elder, W. S.: Brit. J. Ophth. 11:388, 1927;.
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Osborne, W. A.: J. Physiol. 52:346, 1919-1920;.
62 +
Rados, A.: Ztschr. f. Augenh. 47:269, 1921;.
63 +
Rados, A.: Arch. f. Ophth. 109:342, 1922;.
64 +
Seidel, E.: Arch. f. Ophth. 95:1, 1918;.
65 +
Lowenstein, A.: Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 65:654, 1920;.
66 +
Hamburger: Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 43:47, 1910;.
67 +
Wessely, K., and Fassin: Arch. f. Augenh. 93:184, 1923;.
68 +
Gilbert, W. : Arch. f. Augenh. 94:101, 1924;.
69 +
Mestrezat, W., and Magitot, A.: Ann. d'ocul. 159:401, 1922;.
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Denis, W., and Ayer, J. B.:  A Method for the Quantitative Determination of Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid , Arch. Int. Med. 26:436 ( (Oct.) ) 1920;.
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Dieter, W.: Arch. f. Augenh. 96:8, 1925;.
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abstr. Am. J. Ohpth. 4:303, 1921;.
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Wessely, K.: Arch. f. Augenh. 88:217, 1921;.
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Bang, I.: Micromethoden zur Blutintersuchung , Munich, J. F. Bergmann, 1920;.
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Lebermann, F.: Arch. f. Augenh. 96:355, 1925;.
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Ask, F.: Biochem. Ztschr. 59:1, 1914;.
81 +
Holi: Jubilee Volume of Professor Komoto, 1920
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abstr. Am. J. Ophth. 4:303, 1921;.
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Jess, A.: Ber. d. deutsch. ophth. Gesellsch. in Jena 43:11, 1922;.
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Hertel, E.: Arch. f. Ophth. 105:421, 1921;.
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94 +
Meesmann, A.: Arch. f. Augenh. 94:115, 1924;.
95 +
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Felton, D. H.: J. Biol. Chem. 46:299, 1921;.
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Baurmann: Klin. Wchnschr. 4:2180, 1925;.
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Goldschmidt: Ber. d. deutsch. ophth. Gesellsch. in Heidelberg 45:191, 1921;.
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100 +
Mawas, J., and Vincent, M.: Bull. Soc. d'opht. de Paris 25:190, 1925;.
101 +
Van Creveld, S.: Noted by Elder: Brit. J. Ophth. 11:67, 1927;.
102 +
Scalini, V.: Arch. f. Augenh. 57:214, 1907;.
103 +
Cohen, Killian and Kammer: Arch. Ophth. 57:59, 1928;.
104 +
Guglianetti, L.: Arch. di ottal. 26:109, 1919;.
105 +
Van der Hoeve, J.: Arch. f. Ophth. 82:1, 1912;.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Carrère, L.: Compt. rend. Soc. de biol. 88:475, 1923;.
2 +
Seidel, E.: Arch. f. Ophth. 104:284, 1921;.
3 +
Schmelzer: Ber. d. deutsch. ophth. Gesellsch. in Heidelburg 45:259, 1925;.
4 +
Scalini, N.: Riforma med. 38:345, 1922;.
5 +
Seidel, E.: Arch. f. Ophth. 108:285, 1922;.
6 +
Becht, F. C.: Am. J. Physiol. 51:1, 1920;.
7 +
Weed, L. H.: Am. J. Anat. 32:253, 1923;.
8 +
Kumagai, N.: Mitt. a. d. med. Fakult. d. k. Univ. zu Tokyo 18:103 ( (Aug.) ) 1917;.
9 +
Mukai, H.: Jahrb. d. Japan. Ophthal. Gesellsch. Kyoto, (April 2 and 3) , 1922;.
10 +
Biagio, A.: Arch. di ottal. 29:509, 1923;.
11 +
Yudkin, A. M.:  Aqueous Humor , J. A. M. A. 87:1910 ( (Dec. 4) ) 1926;.
12 +
Adler, F. H., and Landis, E. M.: Arch. Ophth. 54:265, 1925;.
13 +
Seidel, E.: Arch. f. Ophth. 107:496, 1921;.
14 +
Lullies, H., and Gulkowitch, L.: Zentralbl. f. d. ges. Ophth. 13:463, 1924;.
15 +
Duke-Elder, W. S.: Brit. J. Ophth. Monograph Supplement iii 11:1, 1927;.
16 +
Seidel, E.: Arch. f. Ophth. 114:157, 1924;.
17 +
Leber, T., Graefe Saemishe: Handbuch der gesamten Augenheilkunder , Leipzig, William Englemann, 1903;, vol. 2.
18 +
Henderson and Starling: Proc. Roy. Soc. B. 77:294, 1906;.
19 +
Parsons, J. H.: The Pathology of the Eye , New York, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1906;, vol. 3.
20 +
Weiss, O.: Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 204:763, 1924;
21 +
Deutsche med. Wchnschr. 51:21, 63, 1925;.
22 +
Hamburger, C.: Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 64:737, 1920;
23 +
HamburgerKlin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 65:29, 1920;
24 +
HamburgerKlin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 66:403, 1921;
25 +
HamburgerKlin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 70:649, 1923;.
26 +
Stübel, A.: Arch. f. Ophth. 110:131, 1922;.
27 +
Seidel, E.: Arch. f. Ophth. 111:196, 1923;.
28 +
Mestrezat, W., and Magitot, A.: Compt. rend. Soc. de biol. 84:185, 1921;.
29 +
Van Creveld, S.: Biochem. Ztschr. 123:304, 1921;.
30 +
Asher, K. W.: Arch. f. Ophth. 107:247, 1922;.
31 +
Gala, A.: Bratisl. lekár. listy. 3:192, 1924;.
32 +
Wittgenstein and Gaedertz: Arch. f. Ophth. 119:395, 403, 755, 1927;.
33 +
Cohen, M.; Killian, J. A., and Metzger, M.: Contributions to Ophthalmic Science, dedicated to Edward Jackson , George Banta Publishing Company, 1926;, p. 216.
34 +
Yudkin, A. M.: Tr. Am. Ophth. Soc. 26:319, 1928;
35 +
Tr. Am. Acad. Ophth. and Otolaryngn. , 1928;, p. 244,
36 +
Tron, E.: Arch. f. Ophth. 117:677, 1926;.
37 +
Smith, Priestley: Brit. J. Ophth. 11:263, 1927;.
38 +
Magitot, A.: Ann. d'Ocul. 154:65, 129, 211, 1917;.
39 +
Mestrezat, W.: Bull. de la soc. chem. 9:683, 1911;.
40 +
Magitot, A.: Ann. d'ocul. 165:481, 1928;.
41 +
DeHaan, J., and van Creveld, S.: Biochem. Ztschr. 123:190, 1921;.
42 +
Lehmann, G., and Meesmann, A.: Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 205:210, 1924;.
43 +
Donnan, F. G.: Ztschr. Elektrochem. 17:572, 1911;.
44 +
Magitot, A.: Ann. d'ocul. 160:18, 1923;.
45 +
Weekers, L.: Arch. d. opht. 40:269, 1923;
46 +
WeekersArch. d. opht. 41:652, 1924;.
47 +
Hiroishi, H.: Arch. f. Ophth. 113:212, 1924;.
48 +
Nakamara, B.; Mukai, H., and Kosaki, S.: Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 69:642, 1922;.
49 +
Seidel, E.: Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 69:834, 1922;.
50 +
Seidel, E.: Emil Abderhalden: Handbuch der biologischen Arbetitsmethoden , 1927;, vol. 5, p. 969.
51 +
Magitot, H., and Dautrevaux: Ann. d'ocul. 159:907, 1922;
52 +
160:147, 1923.
53 +
Von der Heydt : Am. J. Ophth. 6:822, 1923;.
54 +
Türck, S.: Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 49:300, 1911;.
55 +
Tettenero, A.: Ann. di ottal. e clin. ocul. 52:466, 1924;.
56 +
Benoit: Arch. d'opht. 43:352, 1926;.
57 +
D'Oswaldo, E.: Ztschr. f. Augenh. 57:311, 1925;.
58 +
Leboucq, G.: Arch. d'opht. 48:252, 1921;.
59 +
Hagen, S.: Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 64:187, 1920;.
60 +
Duke-Elder, W. S.: Brit. J. Ophth. 11:388, 1927;.
61 +
Osborne, W. A.: J. Physiol. 52:346, 1919-1920;.
62 +
Rados, A.: Ztschr. f. Augenh. 47:269, 1921;.
63 +
Rados, A.: Arch. f. Ophth. 109:342, 1922;.
64 +
Seidel, E.: Arch. f. Ophth. 95:1, 1918;.
65 +
Lowenstein, A.: Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 65:654, 1920;.
66 +
Hamburger: Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 43:47, 1910;.
67 +
Wessely, K., and Fassin: Arch. f. Augenh. 93:184, 1923;.
68 +
Gilbert, W. : Arch. f. Augenh. 94:101, 1924;.
69 +
Mestrezat, W., and Magitot, A.: Ann. d'ocul. 159:401, 1922;.
70 +
Denis, W., and Ayer, J. B.:  A Method for the Quantitative Determination of Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid , Arch. Int. Med. 26:436 ( (Oct.) ) 1920;.
71 +
Dieter, W.: Arch. f. Augenh. 96:8, 1925;.
72 +
Yudkin, A. M.; Krause, A. C.; Goldstein, H. H., and Berman, M. B.: Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 24:451, 1927;.
73 +
Dale, H. H., and Hartley: Biochem. J. 10:408, 1916;.
74 +
Jacinski: Ann. d'ocul. 162:462, 1925;.
75 +
Hayano: Jubilee Volume of Professor Komoto, 1920
76 +
abstr. Am. J. Ohpth. 4:303, 1921;.
77 +
Wessely, K.: Arch. f. Augenh. 88:217, 1921;.
78 +
Bang, I.: Micromethoden zur Blutintersuchung , Munich, J. F. Bergmann, 1920;.
79 +
Lebermann, F.: Arch. f. Augenh. 96:355, 1925;.
80 +
Ask, F.: Biochem. Ztschr. 59:1, 1914;.
81 +
Holi: Jubilee Volume of Professor Komoto, 1920
82 +
abstr. Am. J. Ophth. 4:303, 1921;.
83 +
Jess, A.: Ber. d. deutsch. ophth. Gesellsch. in Jena 43:11, 1922;.
84 +
Andresen, K. L. G.: Biochem. Ztschr. 116:266, 1921;.
85 +
Mendel, B., and Goldscheider, I.: Biochem. Ztschr. 164:163, 1925;.
86 +
Heubner, W., and Meyer Bisch, R.: Biochem. Ztschr. 176:184, 1926;.
87 +
Kaneko: Biochem. Ztschr. 154:67, 1924;.
88 +
Steindorg, K.: Handbuch der Biochemie des Menschrn und der Tiere , Jena, 1909;.
89 +
Vladescu, R., and Babes, A.: Compt. rend. Soc. de biol. 76:320, 1914;.
90 +
Freytag, G.: Arch. f. vergleich. Ophth. 89:197, 1915;.
91 +
Rochon-Duvigneaud, and Mawas, J.: Arch. d'opht. 39:179, 1922;.
92 +
Hertel, E.: Arch. f. Ophth. 105:421, 1921;.
93 +
Michaelis and Gyemant, H.: Biochem. Ztschr. 109:165, 1920;.
94 +
Meesmann, A.: Arch. f. Augenh. 94:115, 1924;.
95 +
Nordenson: Upsala Läkaref. Förh. 25:1, 1921;.
96 +
Felton, D. H.: J. Biol. Chem. 46:299, 1921;.
97 +
Baurmann: Klin. Wchnschr. 4:2180, 1925;.
98 +
Goldschmidt: Ber. d. deutsch. ophth. Gesellsch. in Heidelberg 45:191, 1921;.
99 +
Kronfeld, P.: Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 77:415, 1926;.
100 +
Mawas, J., and Vincent, M.: Bull. Soc. d'opht. de Paris 25:190, 1925;.
101 +
Van Creveld, S.: Noted by Elder: Brit. J. Ophth. 11:67, 1927;.
102 +
Scalini, V.: Arch. f. Augenh. 57:214, 1907;.
103 +
Cohen, Killian and Kammer: Arch. Ophth. 57:59, 1928;.
104 +
Guglianetti, L.: Arch. di ottal. 26:109, 1919;.
105 +
Van der Hoeve, J.: Arch. f. Ophth. 82:1, 1912;.

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