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January 1991, Vol 109, No. 1 >
ARTICLE | January 1991

Exudative Retinal Detachment After Photodynamic Injury FREE

Charles A. Wilson, MD; Angela J. Royster, MD; James S. Tiedeman, MD, PhD; Diane L. Hatchell, PhD
[+] Author Affiliations

Accepted for publication August 28, 1990.

Reprint requests to Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3802, Durham, NC 27710 (Dr Hatchell).


Arch Ophthalmol. 1991;109(1):125-134. doi:10.1001/archopht.1991.01080010127044
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• Exudative retinal detachments occur in a variety of retinal and choroidal diseases. We created serous retinal detachment in the cat eye by means of photodynamic injury produced by activation of intravascular rose bengal using filtered, focused light (550 nm). Fluorescein angiography later revealed focal retinal and choroidal vascular occlusion surrounded by a larger area of leakage through the pigment epithelium. Serous retinal detachments occurred rapidly, gradually enlarged over the next 3 days, and resolved in all eyes after 14 to 21 days. Histopathologic and ultrastructural features of early lesions included the accumulation of proteinaceous fluid in the subretinal space, pigment epithelial cell damage, and localized occlusion of retinal vessels and the choriocapillaris. Later changes consisted of limited regeneration of the retina and portions of the tapetum. In several respects, these experimental detachments resemble the serous retinal detachments associated with choriodal ischemia in humans, and may serve as a useful model in the study of choroidal microvascular hypoperfusion.

REFERENCES

1 +
Anand R, Tasman WS, McNamara JA.  Nonrhegmatogenous retinal detachment . In: Ryan SJ, ed. Retina . St Louis, Mo: CV Mosby Co; 1989;;3:565-589.
2 +
Bird AC.  Pathogenesis of serous detachment of the retina and pigment epithelium . In: Ryan SJ, ed. Retina . St Louis, Mo: CV Mosby Co; 1989;;2:99-105.
3 +
Friedman E, Smith TR, Kuwabara T, Beyer CK.  Choroidal vascular patterns in hypertension . Arch Ophthalmol . 1964;;71:842-850.
4 +
Klein BA.  Ischemic infarcts of the choroid (Elschnig spots): a cause of retinal separation in hypertensive disease with renal insufficiency; a clinical and histopathologic study . Am J Ophthalmol . 1968;;66:1069-1074.
5 +
Morse PH.  Elschnig's spots and hypertensive choroidopathy . Am J Ophthalmol . 1968;;66:844-852.
6 +
Nanda SK, Hatchell DL, Tiedeman JS, Dutton JJ, Hatchell MC, McAdoo T.  A new method for vascular occlusion: photochemical initiation of thrombosis . Arch Ophthalmol . 1987;;105:1121-1124.
7 +
Royster AJ, Nanda SK, Hatchell DL, Tiedman JS, Dutton JJ, Hatchell MC.  Photochemical initiation of thrombosis: fluorescein angiographic, histologic, and ultrastructural alterations in the choroid, retinal pigment epithelium, and retina . Arch Ophthalmol . 1988;;106:1608-1614.
8 +
Winward KE, Dabbs CK, Olsen K, Watson BD, Hernandez E, DiBernardo C.  Encircling photothrombotic therapy for choroidal Greene melanoma using rose bengal . Arch Ophthalmol . 1990;;108:588-594.
9 +
Watson BD, Dietrich WD, Busto R, Wachtel MS, Ginsberg MD.  Induction of reproducible brain infarction by photochemically initiated thrombosis . Ann Neurol . 1985;;17:497-504.
10 +
Dietrich WD, Watson BD, Busto R, Ginsberg MD, Bethea JR.  Photochemically induced cerebral infarction, I: early microvascular alterations . Acta Neuropathol . 1987;;72:315-325.
11 +
Mendelsohn AD, Watson BD, Alfonso EC, et al.  Amelioration of experimental lipid keratopathy by photochemically induced thrombosis of feeder vessels . Arch Ophthalmol . 1987;;105:983-988.
12 +
Huang AJW, Watson BD, Hernandez E, Tseng SC.  Photothrombosis of corneal neovascularization by intravenous rose bengal and argon laser irradiation . Arch Ophthalmol . 1988;;106:680-685.
13 +
Corrent G, Roussel TJ, Tseng SCG, Watson BD.  Promotion of graft survival by photothrombotic occlusion of corneal neovascularization . Arch Ophthalmol . 1989;;107:1501-1506.
14 +
Panagopoulos JA, Svitra PP, Puliafito CA, Gragoudas ES.  Photodynamic therapy for experimental intraocular melanoma using chloroaluminum sulfonated phthalocyanine . Arch Ophthalmol . 1989;;107:886-890.
15 +
Brasseur N, Ali H, Langlois R, Wagner JR, Rousseau J, van Lier JE.  Biological activities of phthalocyanines: photodynamic therapy of EMT-G mammary tumors in mice with sulfonated phthalocyanines . Photochem Photobiol . 1987;;45:581-586.
16 +
Evensen JF, Moan J.  A test of different photosensitizers for photodynamic treatment of cancer in a murine tumor model . Photochem Photobiol . 1987;;64:859-865.
17 +
Pooler JP, Valenzeno DP.  Dye-sensitized photodynamic inactivation of cells . Med Phys . 1981;;8:614-628.
18 +
Cogan DG.  Ocular involvement in disseminated intravascular coagulopathy . Arch Ophthalmol . 1975;;93:1-8.
19 +
Gaudric A, Sterkers M, Coscas G.  Retinal detachment after choroidal ischemia . Am J Ophthalmol . 1987;;104:364-372.
20 +
Weinberg D, Jampol LM, Schatz H, Brady KD.  Exudative retinal detachment following central and hemicentral retinal vein occlusions . Arch Ophthalmol . 1990;;108:271-275.
21 +
Hill DW, Young S.  Retinal vascular occlusion in the cat by photocoagulation: trial of a new instrument . Exp Eye Res . 1973;;16:467-473.
22 +
Marshall J.  Thermal and mechanical mechanisms in laser damage to the retina . Invest Ophthalmol . 1970;;9:97-115.
23 +
Ham WT Jr, Mueller HA, Ruffolo JJ Jr, Clark AM.  Sensitivity of the retina to radiation damage as a function of wavelength . Photochem Photobiol . 1979;;29:735-743.
24 +
Collier RH.  Experimental embolic ischemia of the choroid . Arch Ophthalmol . 1967;;77:683-692.
25 +
Algvere P.  Retinal detachment and pathology following experimental embolization of choroidal and retinal circulation . Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol . 1976;;201:123-134.
26 +
Stern WH, Ernest JT.  Microsphere occlusion of the choriocapillaris in monkeys . Am J Ophthalmol . 1974;;78:438-448.
27 +
Kishi S, Tso MOM, Hayreh SS.  Fundus lesions in malignant hypertension, I: a pathologic study of experimental hypertensive choroidopathy . Arch Ophthalmol . 1985;;103:1189-1197.
28 +
Banks JG, Board RG, Carter J, Dodge AD.  The cytotoxic and photodynamic inactivation of micro-organisms by rose bengal . J Appl Bacteriol . 1985;;58:391-400.
29 +
Bellhorn RW.  Permeability of blood-ocular barriers of neonatal and adult cats to fluoresceinlabeled dextrans of selected molecular sizes . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 1981;;21:282-290.
30 +
Tsao SC, Sugiyama Y, Shinmura K, et al.  Protein-mediated hepatic uptake of rose bengal in analbuminemic mutant rats (NAR): albumin is not indispensable to the protein-mediated transport of rose bengal . Drug Metab Dispos . 1988;;16:482-489.
31 +
Povlishock JT, Rosenblum WI, Sholley MM, Wei ED.  An ultrastructural analysis of endothelial change paralleling platelet aggregation in a light/dye model of microvascular insult . Am J Pathol . 1983;;110:148-160.

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1 +
Anand R, Tasman WS, McNamara JA.  Nonrhegmatogenous retinal detachment . In: Ryan SJ, ed. Retina . St Louis, Mo: CV Mosby Co; 1989;;3:565-589.
2 +
Bird AC.  Pathogenesis of serous detachment of the retina and pigment epithelium . In: Ryan SJ, ed. Retina . St Louis, Mo: CV Mosby Co; 1989;;2:99-105.
3 +
Friedman E, Smith TR, Kuwabara T, Beyer CK.  Choroidal vascular patterns in hypertension . Arch Ophthalmol . 1964;;71:842-850.
4 +
Klein BA.  Ischemic infarcts of the choroid (Elschnig spots): a cause of retinal separation in hypertensive disease with renal insufficiency; a clinical and histopathologic study . Am J Ophthalmol . 1968;;66:1069-1074.
5 +
Morse PH.  Elschnig's spots and hypertensive choroidopathy . Am J Ophthalmol . 1968;;66:844-852.
6 +
Nanda SK, Hatchell DL, Tiedeman JS, Dutton JJ, Hatchell MC, McAdoo T.  A new method for vascular occlusion: photochemical initiation of thrombosis . Arch Ophthalmol . 1987;;105:1121-1124.
7 +
Royster AJ, Nanda SK, Hatchell DL, Tiedman JS, Dutton JJ, Hatchell MC.  Photochemical initiation of thrombosis: fluorescein angiographic, histologic, and ultrastructural alterations in the choroid, retinal pigment epithelium, and retina . Arch Ophthalmol . 1988;;106:1608-1614.
8 +
Winward KE, Dabbs CK, Olsen K, Watson BD, Hernandez E, DiBernardo C.  Encircling photothrombotic therapy for choroidal Greene melanoma using rose bengal . Arch Ophthalmol . 1990;;108:588-594.
9 +
Watson BD, Dietrich WD, Busto R, Wachtel MS, Ginsberg MD.  Induction of reproducible brain infarction by photochemically initiated thrombosis . Ann Neurol . 1985;;17:497-504.
10 +
Dietrich WD, Watson BD, Busto R, Ginsberg MD, Bethea JR.  Photochemically induced cerebral infarction, I: early microvascular alterations . Acta Neuropathol . 1987;;72:315-325.
11 +
Mendelsohn AD, Watson BD, Alfonso EC, et al.  Amelioration of experimental lipid keratopathy by photochemically induced thrombosis of feeder vessels . Arch Ophthalmol . 1987;;105:983-988.
12 +
Huang AJW, Watson BD, Hernandez E, Tseng SC.  Photothrombosis of corneal neovascularization by intravenous rose bengal and argon laser irradiation . Arch Ophthalmol . 1988;;106:680-685.
13 +
Corrent G, Roussel TJ, Tseng SCG, Watson BD.  Promotion of graft survival by photothrombotic occlusion of corneal neovascularization . Arch Ophthalmol . 1989;;107:1501-1506.
14 +
Panagopoulos JA, Svitra PP, Puliafito CA, Gragoudas ES.  Photodynamic therapy for experimental intraocular melanoma using chloroaluminum sulfonated phthalocyanine . Arch Ophthalmol . 1989;;107:886-890.
15 +
Brasseur N, Ali H, Langlois R, Wagner JR, Rousseau J, van Lier JE.  Biological activities of phthalocyanines: photodynamic therapy of EMT-G mammary tumors in mice with sulfonated phthalocyanines . Photochem Photobiol . 1987;;45:581-586.
16 +
Evensen JF, Moan J.  A test of different photosensitizers for photodynamic treatment of cancer in a murine tumor model . Photochem Photobiol . 1987;;64:859-865.
17 +
Pooler JP, Valenzeno DP.  Dye-sensitized photodynamic inactivation of cells . Med Phys . 1981;;8:614-628.
18 +
Cogan DG.  Ocular involvement in disseminated intravascular coagulopathy . Arch Ophthalmol . 1975;;93:1-8.
19 +
Gaudric A, Sterkers M, Coscas G.  Retinal detachment after choroidal ischemia . Am J Ophthalmol . 1987;;104:364-372.
20 +
Weinberg D, Jampol LM, Schatz H, Brady KD.  Exudative retinal detachment following central and hemicentral retinal vein occlusions . Arch Ophthalmol . 1990;;108:271-275.
21 +
Hill DW, Young S.  Retinal vascular occlusion in the cat by photocoagulation: trial of a new instrument . Exp Eye Res . 1973;;16:467-473.
22 +
Marshall J.  Thermal and mechanical mechanisms in laser damage to the retina . Invest Ophthalmol . 1970;;9:97-115.
23 +
Ham WT Jr, Mueller HA, Ruffolo JJ Jr, Clark AM.  Sensitivity of the retina to radiation damage as a function of wavelength . Photochem Photobiol . 1979;;29:735-743.
24 +
Collier RH.  Experimental embolic ischemia of the choroid . Arch Ophthalmol . 1967;;77:683-692.
25 +
Algvere P.  Retinal detachment and pathology following experimental embolization of choroidal and retinal circulation . Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol . 1976;;201:123-134.
26 +
Stern WH, Ernest JT.  Microsphere occlusion of the choriocapillaris in monkeys . Am J Ophthalmol . 1974;;78:438-448.
27 +
Kishi S, Tso MOM, Hayreh SS.  Fundus lesions in malignant hypertension, I: a pathologic study of experimental hypertensive choroidopathy . Arch Ophthalmol . 1985;;103:1189-1197.
28 +
Banks JG, Board RG, Carter J, Dodge AD.  The cytotoxic and photodynamic inactivation of micro-organisms by rose bengal . J Appl Bacteriol . 1985;;58:391-400.
29 +
Bellhorn RW.  Permeability of blood-ocular barriers of neonatal and adult cats to fluoresceinlabeled dextrans of selected molecular sizes . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 1981;;21:282-290.
30 +
Tsao SC, Sugiyama Y, Shinmura K, et al.  Protein-mediated hepatic uptake of rose bengal in analbuminemic mutant rats (NAR): albumin is not indispensable to the protein-mediated transport of rose bengal . Drug Metab Dispos . 1988;;16:482-489.
31 +
Povlishock JT, Rosenblum WI, Sholley MM, Wei ED.  An ultrastructural analysis of endothelial change paralleling platelet aggregation in a light/dye model of microvascular insult . Am J Pathol . 1983;;110:148-160.

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