0
September 1992, Vol 110, No. 9 >
ARTICLE | September 1992

Fundus Measurements With Indirect Ophthalmoscopy: Title and subTitle BreakAn Experimental Approach FREE

Craig G. Wells, MD; Janet L. Barrall, MD; Donald C. Martin, PhD
[+] Author Affiliations

Accepted for publication March 24, 1992.

Presented in part at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, May 3, 1991, Sarasota, Fla.

Reprint requests to Department of Ophthalmology, RJ-10, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 (Dr Wells).


Arch Ophthalmol. 1992;110(9):1303-1308. doi:10.1001/archopht.1992.01080210121038
Text Size: A A A
Published online
Article
References
Comments

• We examined the factors influencing the accuracy of indirect ophthalmoscopic estimates of choroidal tumor size by studying indirect ophthalmoscope photographs of solid black domes implanted in the suprachoroidal space of postmortem human eyes. Measurements of the indirect ophthalmoscope photographs showed clinically significant differences in the absolute diameter of the visualized fundus, which varied with differences in condensing lens power and width, anteroposterior location of viewed fundus, and axial length of the experimental eye. Linear regression analysis demonstrated that the field of view of each condensing lens varied similarly with axial length and that the majority of variation in field size for each condensing lens was attributable to axial length variation. Equatorial fields of view averaged 11% smaller than posterior fields of view. The accuracy of estimated absolute intraocular dimensions using indirect ophthalmoscopy potentially approaches ±5%.

REFERENCES

1 +
Quigley HA, Brown AE, Morrison JD, Drance SM.  The size and shape of the optic disc in normal human eyes . Arch Ophthalmol . 1990;;108:51-57.
2 +
Rubin ML.  The optics of indirect ophthalmoscopy . Surv Ophthalmol . 1964;;9:449-464.
3 +
Colenbrander A.  Principles of ophthalmoscopy . In: Tasman W, Jaeger EA, eds. Duane's Clinical Ophthalmology . Philadelphia, Pa: JB Lippincott; 1991;:chap 63.
4 +
Char DH.  Posterior uveal tumors . In: Char DH, ed. Clinical Ocular Oncology . New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 1989;:93.
5 +
Hilton GF, McLean EB, Chuang EL.  The preoperative examination . In: Retinal Detachment . 5th ed. San Francisco, Calif: American Academy of Ophthalmology; 1989;:44.
6 +
Augsburger JJ, Gamel JW, Bailey RS Jr, Donoso LA, Gonder JR, Shields JA.  Accuracy of clinical estimates of tumor dimensions . Retina . 1985;;5:26-29.
7 +
Polivogianis L, Seddon JM, Glynn RJ, Gragoudas ES, Albert DM.  Comparison of transillumination and histologic slide measurements of tumor diameter in uveal melanoma . Ophthalmology . 1988;;95:1576-1582.
8 +
Nicholson DH, Frazier-Byrne S, Chiu MT, Schiffman J, Hughes JR, Novinski EK.  Echographic and histologic tumor height measurements in uveal melanoma . Am J Ophthalmol . 1985;;100:454-457.
9 +
Gosbell AD, Barry WR, Favilla I, Turner IJ.  Computer-aided area measurement of ocular images . Aust N Z J Ophthalmol . 1987;;15:341-348.
10 +
Arzabe CA, Jalkh AE, Bariza E, Akiba J, Quiroz M.  A simple device to standardize measurements of retinal structures in fundus photographs and retinal angiograms . Am J Ophthalmol . 1990;;109:107-108.
11 +
Mansour AM.  Measuring fundus landmarks . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 1990;;31:41-42.
12 +
Peyster RG, Augsburger JJ, Shields JA, et al.  Choroidal melanoma: comparison of CT, fundoscopy, and US . Radiology . 1985;;156:675-680.
13 +
Char DH, Stone RD, Irvine AR, et al.  Diagnostic modalities in choroidal melanoma . Am J Ophthalmol . 1980;;89:223-230.
14 +
Swinger CA, Kornmehl EW.  Dehydration of post-mortem eyes for practice and experimental surgery . Ophthalmic Surg . 1985;;16:182-183.
15 +
Straatsma BR, Hall MO, Allen RA, Crescitelli F, eds. The Retina—Morphology, Function and Clinical Characteristics . Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press; 1969;.
16 +
Straatsma BR, Foos RY, Spencer LM.  The retina: topography and clinical correlations . Symposium on Retina and Retinal Surgery: Transactions of New Orleans Academy of Ophthalmology . St Louis, Mo: CV Mosby Co; 1969;:1-26.
17 +
Hogan MJ, Alvarado JA, Weddell JE.  Eyeball . In: Histology of the Human Eye . Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1971;:49-50.
18 +
Duke-Elder S, Wybar KC.  Anatomy . In: System of Ophthalmology, II: The Anatomy of the Visual System . St Louis, Mo: CV Mosby Co; 1961;: 80-81.
19 +
Kronfeld PC.  The eyeball . In: Davson H, ed. The Eye: Vegetative Physiology and Biochemistry . 2nd ed. Orlando, Fla: Academic Press Inc; 1969;;1:4-5.
20 +
Jakobiec FA, Ozanics V.  General topographic anatomy of the eye . In: Tasman W, Jaeger EA, eds. Duane's Biomedical Foundations of Ophthalmology . Philadelphia, Pa: JB Lippincott Co; 1991;:chap 1.
21 +
Katz M.  The human eye as an optical system . In: Tasman W, Jaeger AE, eds. Duane's Clinical Ophthalmology . Philadelphia, Pa: JB Lippincott; 1981;:chap 33.
22 +
Sorsby A.  Biology of the eye as an optical system . In: Tasman W, Jaeger AE, eds. Duane's Clinical Ophthalmology . Philadelphia, Pa: JB Lippincott; 1979;:chap 34.
23 +
Hoffer KJ.  Accuracy of ultrasound intraocular lens calculation . Arch Ophthalmol . 1981;;99:1819-1823.
24 +
Brown BW Jr, Hollander M.  Linear regression and correlation . In: Statistics: A Biomedical Introduction . New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; 1977;:271-274.
25 +
Enoch JM, Goldberg MF.  Lateral and longitudinal magnification in direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy . Arch Ophthalmol . 1971;;86:536-547.
26 +
Montgomery DMI.  Measurement of optic disc and neuroretinal rim areas in normal and glaucomatous eyes . Ophthalmology . 1991;;98:50-59.
27 +
Repka MX, Uozato H, Guyton DL.  Depth distortion during slit-lamp biomicroscopy of the fundus . Ophthalmology . 1986;;93( (suppl) ):47-51.
28 +
Bennett AG, Francis JL.  Retinoscopy and ophthalmoscopy . In: Davson H, ed. The Eye:Visual Optics and the Optical Space Sense . Orlando, Fla: Academic Press Inc; 1969;;4:201-202.

First Page Preview

First page PDF preview

Figures

Tables

Interactive Graphics

Video

Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Quigley HA, Brown AE, Morrison JD, Drance SM.  The size and shape of the optic disc in normal human eyes . Arch Ophthalmol . 1990;;108:51-57.
2 +
Rubin ML.  The optics of indirect ophthalmoscopy . Surv Ophthalmol . 1964;;9:449-464.
3 +
Colenbrander A.  Principles of ophthalmoscopy . In: Tasman W, Jaeger EA, eds. Duane's Clinical Ophthalmology . Philadelphia, Pa: JB Lippincott; 1991;:chap 63.
4 +
Char DH.  Posterior uveal tumors . In: Char DH, ed. Clinical Ocular Oncology . New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 1989;:93.
5 +
Hilton GF, McLean EB, Chuang EL.  The preoperative examination . In: Retinal Detachment . 5th ed. San Francisco, Calif: American Academy of Ophthalmology; 1989;:44.
6 +
Augsburger JJ, Gamel JW, Bailey RS Jr, Donoso LA, Gonder JR, Shields JA.  Accuracy of clinical estimates of tumor dimensions . Retina . 1985;;5:26-29.
7 +
Polivogianis L, Seddon JM, Glynn RJ, Gragoudas ES, Albert DM.  Comparison of transillumination and histologic slide measurements of tumor diameter in uveal melanoma . Ophthalmology . 1988;;95:1576-1582.
8 +
Nicholson DH, Frazier-Byrne S, Chiu MT, Schiffman J, Hughes JR, Novinski EK.  Echographic and histologic tumor height measurements in uveal melanoma . Am J Ophthalmol . 1985;;100:454-457.
9 +
Gosbell AD, Barry WR, Favilla I, Turner IJ.  Computer-aided area measurement of ocular images . Aust N Z J Ophthalmol . 1987;;15:341-348.
10 +
Arzabe CA, Jalkh AE, Bariza E, Akiba J, Quiroz M.  A simple device to standardize measurements of retinal structures in fundus photographs and retinal angiograms . Am J Ophthalmol . 1990;;109:107-108.
11 +
Mansour AM.  Measuring fundus landmarks . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 1990;;31:41-42.
12 +
Peyster RG, Augsburger JJ, Shields JA, et al.  Choroidal melanoma: comparison of CT, fundoscopy, and US . Radiology . 1985;;156:675-680.
13 +
Char DH, Stone RD, Irvine AR, et al.  Diagnostic modalities in choroidal melanoma . Am J Ophthalmol . 1980;;89:223-230.
14 +
Swinger CA, Kornmehl EW.  Dehydration of post-mortem eyes for practice and experimental surgery . Ophthalmic Surg . 1985;;16:182-183.
15 +
Straatsma BR, Hall MO, Allen RA, Crescitelli F, eds. The Retina—Morphology, Function and Clinical Characteristics . Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press; 1969;.
16 +
Straatsma BR, Foos RY, Spencer LM.  The retina: topography and clinical correlations . Symposium on Retina and Retinal Surgery: Transactions of New Orleans Academy of Ophthalmology . St Louis, Mo: CV Mosby Co; 1969;:1-26.
17 +
Hogan MJ, Alvarado JA, Weddell JE.  Eyeball . In: Histology of the Human Eye . Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1971;:49-50.
18 +
Duke-Elder S, Wybar KC.  Anatomy . In: System of Ophthalmology, II: The Anatomy of the Visual System . St Louis, Mo: CV Mosby Co; 1961;: 80-81.
19 +
Kronfeld PC.  The eyeball . In: Davson H, ed. The Eye: Vegetative Physiology and Biochemistry . 2nd ed. Orlando, Fla: Academic Press Inc; 1969;;1:4-5.
20 +
Jakobiec FA, Ozanics V.  General topographic anatomy of the eye . In: Tasman W, Jaeger EA, eds. Duane's Biomedical Foundations of Ophthalmology . Philadelphia, Pa: JB Lippincott Co; 1991;:chap 1.
21 +
Katz M.  The human eye as an optical system . In: Tasman W, Jaeger AE, eds. Duane's Clinical Ophthalmology . Philadelphia, Pa: JB Lippincott; 1981;:chap 33.
22 +
Sorsby A.  Biology of the eye as an optical system . In: Tasman W, Jaeger AE, eds. Duane's Clinical Ophthalmology . Philadelphia, Pa: JB Lippincott; 1979;:chap 34.
23 +
Hoffer KJ.  Accuracy of ultrasound intraocular lens calculation . Arch Ophthalmol . 1981;;99:1819-1823.
24 +
Brown BW Jr, Hollander M.  Linear regression and correlation . In: Statistics: A Biomedical Introduction . New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; 1977;:271-274.
25 +
Enoch JM, Goldberg MF.  Lateral and longitudinal magnification in direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy . Arch Ophthalmol . 1971;;86:536-547.
26 +
Montgomery DMI.  Measurement of optic disc and neuroretinal rim areas in normal and glaucomatous eyes . Ophthalmology . 1991;;98:50-59.
27 +
Repka MX, Uozato H, Guyton DL.  Depth distortion during slit-lamp biomicroscopy of the fundus . Ophthalmology . 1986;;93( (suppl) ):47-51.
28 +
Bennett AG, Francis JL.  Retinoscopy and ophthalmoscopy . In: Davson H, ed. The Eye:Visual Optics and the Optical Space Sense . Orlando, Fla: Academic Press Inc; 1969;;4:201-202.

Correspondence

Submit a Letter
CME Course for:


You need to register in order to view this quiz.


To understand the clinical management of acute heart failure syndromes.
Accreditation Information The American Medical Association is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians.
The AMA designates this journal-based CME activity for a maximum of 1 AMA PRA Category 1 CreditTM per course. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.
Physicians who complete the CME course and score at least 80% correct on the quiz are eligible for AMA PRA Category 1 CreditTM.
Note: You must get at least of the answers correct to pass this quiz.
Note: You must get at least of the answers correct to pass this quiz.
You have not filled in all the answers to complete this quiz
The following questions were not answered:
Sorry, you have unsuccessfully completed this CME quiz with a score of
The following questions were not answered correctly:
For CME Course: A Proposed Model for Initial Assessment and Management of Acute Heart Failure Syndromes
Indicate what changes(s) you will implement in your practice, if any, based on this CME course.
To view and print your certificate and access a summary of your CME courses go to My CME.
NOTE:
Citing articles are presented as examples only. In non-demo SCM6 implementation, integration with CrossRef’s “Cited By” API will populate this tab (http://www.crossref.org/citedby.html).
Compression-Only CPR: Pushing the Science Forward
Cone
AAM 2010;304:1493-1495.
All you need to read in the other general journals
BMJ 2010;341:c5893-c1494.
Submit a Comment

Some tools below are only available to our subscribers or users with an online account.

Related Content

Customize your page view by dragging & repositioning the boxes below.

© 2012 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
Powered bySilverchair Information Systems