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December 1997, Vol 115, No. 12 >
ARTICLE | December 1997

Associations With Intraocular Pressure in the Barbados Eye Study FREE

Suh-Yuh Wu, MA; M. Cristina Leske, MD, MPH
Arch Ophthalmol. 1997;115(12):1572-1576. doi:10.1001/archopht.1997.01100160742012
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Objective:  To evaluate the demographic, medical, ocular, familial, and other factors possibly associated with intraocular pressure (IOP) in a black population, after excluding persons with any type of glaucoma.

Design:  The Barbados Eye Study was a populationbased study of a random sample of residents of Barbados, West Indies, aged 40 to 84 years.

Participants:  A subset of the Barbados Eye Study population consisting of 3752 black Barbados Eye Study participants without glaucoma.

Data Collection:  A standardized protocol included applanation tonometry and other ocular data, blood pressure measurements, anthropometry, complexion pigmentation gradings, and a comprehensive interview.

Main Outcome Measure:  Intraocular pressure was based on the average of 3 measurements at the Barbados Eye Study visit. Multiple linear regression was used to evaluate factors associated with IOP.

Results:  Systolic blood pressure (or hypertension), diabetes history, and age were the major factors positively associated with IOP (P<.01). Other positively related factors were female gender, darker complexion, pulse rate, higher body mass, seasonality, family history of glaucoma, current alcohol use, and current smoking. These factors explained 10% of the variation in IOP.

Conclusions:  By identifying risk factors, these results define specific subgroups most likely to have an elevated IOP. The high IOP in this population may be linked to the high prevalence of hypertension and diabetes. Aside from age and a family history of glaucoma, none of the risk factors for high IOP evaluated in this study was similar to those associated with open-angle glaucoma.

REFERENCES

1 +
Leske MC.  The epidemiology of open-angle glaucoma: a review . Am J Epidemiol . 1983;;118:166-191.
2 +
Bengtsson B.  Some factors affecting the distribution of intraocular pressure in a population . Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) . 1972;;50:33-46.
3 +
Leske MC, Podgor MJ.  Intraocular pressure, cardiovascular risk variables and visual field defects . Am J Epidemiol . 1983;;118:280-287.
4 +
Hollows FC, Graham PA.  Intraocular pressure, glaucoma and glaucoma suspects in a defined population . Br J Ophthalmol . 1966;;50:570-586.
5 +
Klein BEK, Klein R, Linton KLP.  Intraocular pressure in an American community: the Beaver Dam Eye Study . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 1992;;33:2224-2228.
6 +
Graham P.  Epidemiology of simple glaucoma and ocular hypertension . Br J Ophthalmol . 1972;;56:223-229.
7 +
Shiose Y.  The aging effect on intraocular pressure in an apparently normal population . Arch Ophthalmol . 1984;;102:883.
8 +
Shiose Y, Kawase Y. A new approach to stratified normal intraocular pressure in a general population . Am J Ophthalmol . 1986;;101:714-721.
9 +
Mason RP, Kosoko O, Wilson MR, et al.  National survey of the prevalence and risk factors of glaucoma in St Lucia, West Indies, part I: prevalence findings . Ophthalmology . 1989;;96:1363-1368.
10 +
Tielsch JM, Sommer A, Katz J, et al.  Racial variations in the prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma: the Baltimore Eye Survey . JAMA . 1991;;266:369-374.
11 +
Leske MC, Connell AMS, Schachat AP, et al.  The Barbados Eye Study: prevalence of open angle glaucoma . Arch Ophthalmol . 1994;;112:821-829.
12 +
Burt VL, Whelton P, Roccella EJ, et al.  Prevalence of hypertension in the US adult population: results from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-91 . Hypertension . 1995;;25:305-313.
13 +
Freeman V, Fraser H, Forrester T, et al.  A comparative study of hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control rates in St Lucia, Jamaica and Barbados . J Hypertens . 1996;;14:495-501.
14 +
Carter JS, Pugh JA, Monterrosa A.  Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in minorities in the United States . Ann Intern Med . 1996;;125:221-232.
15 +
Leske MC, Connell AMS, Wu SY, et al.  Risk factors for open-angle glaucoma: the Barbados Eye Study . Arch Ophthalmol . 1995;;113:918-924.
16 +
Leske MC, Nemesure B, He Q, et al.  Open-angle glaucoma and blood groups: the Barbados Eye Study . Arch Ophthalmol . 1996;;114:205-210.
17 +
Nemesure B, Leske MC, He Q, et al.  Analyses of reported family history of glaucoma: a preliminary investigation . Ophthalmic Epidemiol . 1996;;3:135-141.
18 +
Leske MC, Connell AMS, Wu S-y, Hyman L, Schachat AP, for the Barbados Eye Study Group.  Distribution of intraocular pressure: the Barbados Eye Study . Arch Ophthalmol . 1997;;115:1051-1057.
19 +
Rose GA.  The diagnosis of ischemic heart pain and intermittent claudication in field surveys . WHO Bull . 1962;;27:645-658.
20 +
Ganley JP.  Epidemiological aspects of ocular hypertension . Surv Ophthalmol . 1980;;25:130-135.
21 +
Tielsch JM, Katz J, Sommer A, et al.  Hypertension, perfusion pressure, and primary open-angle glaucoma: a population-based assessment . Arch Ophthalmol . 1995;;113:216-221.
22 +
Tielsch JM, Katz J, Quigley HA, et al.  Diabetes, intraocular pressure, and primary open-angle glaucoma in the Baltimore Eye Survey . Ophthalmology . 1995;;102:48-53.
23 +
Hiller R, Sperduto RD, Krueger DE.  Race, iris pigmentation, and intraocular pressure . Am J Epidemiol . 1982;;115:674-683.
24 +
Klein BEK, Klein R.  Intraocular pressure and cardiovascular risk variables . Arch Ophthalmol . 1981;;99:837-839.
25 +
Carel RS, Korczyn AD, Rock M, et al.  Association between ocular pressures and health parameters . Ophthalmology . 1984;;91:311-314.
26 +
Bulpitt CJ, Hodes C, Everitt MG.  Intraocular pressure and systemic blood pressure in the elderly . Br J Ophthalmol . 1975;;59:717-720.
27 +
Morgan RW, Drance SM.  Chronic open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension: an epidemiological study . Br J Ophthalmol . 1975;;59:211-215.
28 +
Armaly MF.  The genetic determination of ocular pressure in the normal eye . Arch Ophthalmol . 1967;;78:187-192.
29 +
Bouzas AG, Gragoudas ES, Balodimos MCC, et al.  Intraocular pressure in diabetes . Arch Ophthalmol . 1971;;85:423-427.
30 +
Pan-American Health Organization. Health Conditions in the Americas . Washington, DC: PAHO; 1990;:2. Scientific publication 524.
31 +
Katz J, Sommer A.  Risk factors for open angle glaucoma . Am J Prev Med . 1988;;4:110-114.
32 +
Kahn HA, Milton RC.  Alternative definitions of open-angle glaucoma: effect on prevalence and associations in the Framingham Eye Study . Arch Ophthalmol . 1980;;98:2172-2177.
33 +
Wilson MR, Hertzmark E, Walker AM, et al.  A case-control study of risk factors in open angle glaucoma . Arch Ophthalmol . 1987;;105:1066-1071.
34 +
Blumenthal M, Blumenthal R, Peritz E, et al.  Seasonal variation in intraocular pressure . Am J Ophthalmol . 1970;;69:608-610.
35 +
Sveinsson K.  Glaucoma and heredity in Iceland . Acta Ophthalmol . 1959;;37:192.
36 +
Tielsch JM, Katz J, Sommer A, et al.  Family history and risk of primary openangle glaucoma: the Baltimore Eye Survey . Arch Ophthalmol . 1994;;112:69-73.

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1 +
Leske MC.  The epidemiology of open-angle glaucoma: a review . Am J Epidemiol . 1983;;118:166-191.
2 +
Bengtsson B.  Some factors affecting the distribution of intraocular pressure in a population . Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) . 1972;;50:33-46.
3 +
Leske MC, Podgor MJ.  Intraocular pressure, cardiovascular risk variables and visual field defects . Am J Epidemiol . 1983;;118:280-287.
4 +
Hollows FC, Graham PA.  Intraocular pressure, glaucoma and glaucoma suspects in a defined population . Br J Ophthalmol . 1966;;50:570-586.
5 +
Klein BEK, Klein R, Linton KLP.  Intraocular pressure in an American community: the Beaver Dam Eye Study . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 1992;;33:2224-2228.
6 +
Graham P.  Epidemiology of simple glaucoma and ocular hypertension . Br J Ophthalmol . 1972;;56:223-229.
7 +
Shiose Y.  The aging effect on intraocular pressure in an apparently normal population . Arch Ophthalmol . 1984;;102:883.
8 +
Shiose Y, Kawase Y. A new approach to stratified normal intraocular pressure in a general population . Am J Ophthalmol . 1986;;101:714-721.
9 +
Mason RP, Kosoko O, Wilson MR, et al.  National survey of the prevalence and risk factors of glaucoma in St Lucia, West Indies, part I: prevalence findings . Ophthalmology . 1989;;96:1363-1368.
10 +
Tielsch JM, Sommer A, Katz J, et al.  Racial variations in the prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma: the Baltimore Eye Survey . JAMA . 1991;;266:369-374.
11 +
Leske MC, Connell AMS, Schachat AP, et al.  The Barbados Eye Study: prevalence of open angle glaucoma . Arch Ophthalmol . 1994;;112:821-829.
12 +
Burt VL, Whelton P, Roccella EJ, et al.  Prevalence of hypertension in the US adult population: results from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-91 . Hypertension . 1995;;25:305-313.
13 +
Freeman V, Fraser H, Forrester T, et al.  A comparative study of hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control rates in St Lucia, Jamaica and Barbados . J Hypertens . 1996;;14:495-501.
14 +
Carter JS, Pugh JA, Monterrosa A.  Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in minorities in the United States . Ann Intern Med . 1996;;125:221-232.
15 +
Leske MC, Connell AMS, Wu SY, et al.  Risk factors for open-angle glaucoma: the Barbados Eye Study . Arch Ophthalmol . 1995;;113:918-924.
16 +
Leske MC, Nemesure B, He Q, et al.  Open-angle glaucoma and blood groups: the Barbados Eye Study . Arch Ophthalmol . 1996;;114:205-210.
17 +
Nemesure B, Leske MC, He Q, et al.  Analyses of reported family history of glaucoma: a preliminary investigation . Ophthalmic Epidemiol . 1996;;3:135-141.
18 +
Leske MC, Connell AMS, Wu S-y, Hyman L, Schachat AP, for the Barbados Eye Study Group.  Distribution of intraocular pressure: the Barbados Eye Study . Arch Ophthalmol . 1997;;115:1051-1057.
19 +
Rose GA.  The diagnosis of ischemic heart pain and intermittent claudication in field surveys . WHO Bull . 1962;;27:645-658.
20 +
Ganley JP.  Epidemiological aspects of ocular hypertension . Surv Ophthalmol . 1980;;25:130-135.
21 +
Tielsch JM, Katz J, Sommer A, et al.  Hypertension, perfusion pressure, and primary open-angle glaucoma: a population-based assessment . Arch Ophthalmol . 1995;;113:216-221.
22 +
Tielsch JM, Katz J, Quigley HA, et al.  Diabetes, intraocular pressure, and primary open-angle glaucoma in the Baltimore Eye Survey . Ophthalmology . 1995;;102:48-53.
23 +
Hiller R, Sperduto RD, Krueger DE.  Race, iris pigmentation, and intraocular pressure . Am J Epidemiol . 1982;;115:674-683.
24 +
Klein BEK, Klein R.  Intraocular pressure and cardiovascular risk variables . Arch Ophthalmol . 1981;;99:837-839.
25 +
Carel RS, Korczyn AD, Rock M, et al.  Association between ocular pressures and health parameters . Ophthalmology . 1984;;91:311-314.
26 +
Bulpitt CJ, Hodes C, Everitt MG.  Intraocular pressure and systemic blood pressure in the elderly . Br J Ophthalmol . 1975;;59:717-720.
27 +
Morgan RW, Drance SM.  Chronic open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension: an epidemiological study . Br J Ophthalmol . 1975;;59:211-215.
28 +
Armaly MF.  The genetic determination of ocular pressure in the normal eye . Arch Ophthalmol . 1967;;78:187-192.
29 +
Bouzas AG, Gragoudas ES, Balodimos MCC, et al.  Intraocular pressure in diabetes . Arch Ophthalmol . 1971;;85:423-427.
30 +
Pan-American Health Organization. Health Conditions in the Americas . Washington, DC: PAHO; 1990;:2. Scientific publication 524.
31 +
Katz J, Sommer A.  Risk factors for open angle glaucoma . Am J Prev Med . 1988;;4:110-114.
32 +
Kahn HA, Milton RC.  Alternative definitions of open-angle glaucoma: effect on prevalence and associations in the Framingham Eye Study . Arch Ophthalmol . 1980;;98:2172-2177.
33 +
Wilson MR, Hertzmark E, Walker AM, et al.  A case-control study of risk factors in open angle glaucoma . Arch Ophthalmol . 1987;;105:1066-1071.
34 +
Blumenthal M, Blumenthal R, Peritz E, et al.  Seasonal variation in intraocular pressure . Am J Ophthalmol . 1970;;69:608-610.
35 +
Sveinsson K.  Glaucoma and heredity in Iceland . Acta Ophthalmol . 1959;;37:192.
36 +
Tielsch JM, Katz J, Sommer A, et al.  Family history and risk of primary openangle glaucoma: the Baltimore Eye Survey . Arch Ophthalmol . 1994;;112:69-73.

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