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May 1977, Vol 95, No. 5 >
ARTICLE | May 1977

Staphylococcal Blepharitis FREE

Gilbert Smolin, MD; Masao Okumoto, MA
[+] Author Affiliations

Accepted for publication Nov 26, 1976.

Reprint requests to Francis I. Proctor Foundation, S 315, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 (Dr Smolin).


Arch Ophthalmol. 1977;95(5):812-816. doi:10.1001/archopht.1977.04450050090009
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Comments

• A detailed discussion of various aspects of staphylococcal blepharitis is presented. These include epidemiology, pathogenesis and immunity, microbiologic characteristics, clinical signs, associated systemic diseases, differential diagnosis, and treatment.

(Arch Ophthalmol 95:812-816, 1977)

REFERENCES

1 +
Thygeson P:  The etiology and treatment of blepharitis . Milit Surg 98:191-195, 1946;.
2 +
Locatcher-Khorazo D, Gutierrez E:  Bacteriophage typing of Staphylococcus aureus . Arch Ophthalmol 63:774-779, 1960;.
3 +
Kemel S:  S aureus ocular prevalence . Bull Ophthalmol Soc Egypt 42:248-255, 1949;.
4 +
Tomar VPS, Sharma OP, Joski K:  Bacterial and fungal flora of normal conjunctiva . Ann Ophthalmol 12:669-671, 1971;.
5 +
Mudd S, Shayegani M:  Delayed-type hypersensitivity to S aureus and its uses . Ann NY Acad Sci 236:244-251, 1974;.
6 +
 New staph vaccine indirectly activates angry macrophages , editorial. Infect Dis 2:10-11, 1972;.
7 +
Baughn RE, Bonventre PF:  Cell-mediated immune phenomena induced by lymphokines from splenic lymphocytes of mice with chronic staphylococcal infection . Infect Immunol 11:313-319, 1975;.
8 +
Smith BG, Johnson HM:  The effect of staphylococcal enterotoxins on the primary in vitro immune response . J Immunol 115:575-578, 1975;.
9 +
Duke-Elder S: Systems of Ophthalmology . St Louis, CV Mosby Co, 1965;, vol 8, (pt 1) , p 464.
10 +
Thygeson P:  Bacterial factors in chronic catarrhal conjunctivitis . Arch Ophthalmol 18:373-378, 1937;.
11 +
Allen JH:  Staphylococcic conjunctivitis . Am J Ophthalmol 20:1025-1027, 1937;.
12 +
Allen HF: S aureus and Pseudomonas in conjunctivitis and keratitis , in Symposium of the New Orleans Academy of Ophthalmology. St Louis, CV Mosby Co, 1963;,  chap 8 , pp 80-87.
13 +
Valenton M, Okumoto M:  Toxin-producing strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis . Arch Ophthalmol 89:186-189, 1973;.
14 +
Warren R, Rogolsky M, Wiley BB, et al:  Effect of ethedium bromide on elimination of exfoliative toxin and bacteriocin production in S aureus . J Bacteriol 118:980-985, 1974;.
15 +
Lillibridge CB, Melish ME, Glasgow LA:  Site of action of exfoliative toxin in the staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome . Pediatrics 50:728-732, 1972;.
16 +
Kapral FA, Miller MM:  Product of S aureus responsible for the scalded-skin syndrome . Infect Immunol 4:541-545, 1971;.
17 +
Gagliano VJ, Hinsdill RD:  Characterization of a S aureus bacteriocin . J Bactiol 104:117-125, 1970;.
18 +
Wiley BB, Allman S, Rogolsky M, et al:  Staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome: Potentiation by immunosuppression . Infect Immunol 9:636-640, 1974;.
19 +
Miller MM, Kapral FA;  Neutralization of S aureus exfoliation by antibody . Infect Immunol 6:561-563, 1972;.
20 +
Buchanan RE, Gibbons NE: Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology , ed 8. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Inc, 1974;, pp 483-489.
21 +
Thygeson P:  Complications of staphylococcic blepharitis . Am J Ophthalmol 68:446-449, 1969;.
22 +
Duke-Elder S: Systems of Ophthalmology . St Louis, CV Mosby Co, 1965;, Vol 8, (pt 2) , pp 736-743.
23 +
de Schweinitz CE: Diseases of the Eye . Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1917;,p 242.
24 +
Ostler HB, Lanier JD:  Phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis with special reference to the staphylococcal type . Trans Pac Coast Ophthalmol Otolaryngol , 1974;, pp 237-252.
25 +
Thygeson P:  Observations on nontuberculous phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis . Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolorygol 58:128-133, 1954;.
26 +
Jeffery MP:  Ocular diseases caused by nematodes . Am J Ophthalmol 40:411-414, 1955;.
27 +
English FP, Iwamoto T, Darrell RW, et al:  The vector potential of Demodex folliculorum . Arch Ophthalmol 84:83-85, 1970;.
28 +
Luckasen JR, Sabad A, Goltz RW, et al:  T and B lymphocytes in atopic eczema . Arch Dermatol 110:375-377, 1974;.
29 +
Leibold AM, Suie T:  In vitro effects of sulfacetamide . Am J Ophthalmol 45:383-386, 1958;.
30 +
Gordon DM:  Gentamicin sulfate in external eye infections . Am J Ophthalmol 69:300-306, 1970;.
31 +
Lobo MC, Mandell GL:  Treatment of experimental staphylococcal infection with rifampin . Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2:195-200, 1972;.
32 +
Mandell GL, Vest TK:  Killing of intraleukocytic S aureus by rifampin . J Infect Dis 125:486-490, 1972;.
33 +
Steigbigel RT, Greenman RL, Remington JS:  Antibiotic combinations in the treatment of experimental S aureus infection . J Infect Dis 131:245-251, 1975;.
34 +
Smolin G, Hall JM, Okumoto M, et al: Effect of systemic corticosteroids on antibody-forming cells in the eye and draining lymph nodes. Ann Ophthalmol, to be published.
35 +
Thygeson P:  Treatment of staphylococcal blepharoconjunctivitis with staphylococcus toxoid . Arch Ophthalmol 26:430-434, 1941;.
36 +
Kline BC:  Pili, plasmids, and microbial virulence . Mayo Clin Proc 51:3-4, 1976;.

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1 +
Thygeson P:  The etiology and treatment of blepharitis . Milit Surg 98:191-195, 1946;.
2 +
Locatcher-Khorazo D, Gutierrez E:  Bacteriophage typing of Staphylococcus aureus . Arch Ophthalmol 63:774-779, 1960;.
3 +
Kemel S:  S aureus ocular prevalence . Bull Ophthalmol Soc Egypt 42:248-255, 1949;.
4 +
Tomar VPS, Sharma OP, Joski K:  Bacterial and fungal flora of normal conjunctiva . Ann Ophthalmol 12:669-671, 1971;.
5 +
Mudd S, Shayegani M:  Delayed-type hypersensitivity to S aureus and its uses . Ann NY Acad Sci 236:244-251, 1974;.
6 +
 New staph vaccine indirectly activates angry macrophages , editorial. Infect Dis 2:10-11, 1972;.
7 +
Baughn RE, Bonventre PF:  Cell-mediated immune phenomena induced by lymphokines from splenic lymphocytes of mice with chronic staphylococcal infection . Infect Immunol 11:313-319, 1975;.
8 +
Smith BG, Johnson HM:  The effect of staphylococcal enterotoxins on the primary in vitro immune response . J Immunol 115:575-578, 1975;.
9 +
Duke-Elder S: Systems of Ophthalmology . St Louis, CV Mosby Co, 1965;, vol 8, (pt 1) , p 464.
10 +
Thygeson P:  Bacterial factors in chronic catarrhal conjunctivitis . Arch Ophthalmol 18:373-378, 1937;.
11 +
Allen JH:  Staphylococcic conjunctivitis . Am J Ophthalmol 20:1025-1027, 1937;.
12 +
Allen HF: S aureus and Pseudomonas in conjunctivitis and keratitis , in Symposium of the New Orleans Academy of Ophthalmology. St Louis, CV Mosby Co, 1963;,  chap 8 , pp 80-87.
13 +
Valenton M, Okumoto M:  Toxin-producing strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis . Arch Ophthalmol 89:186-189, 1973;.
14 +
Warren R, Rogolsky M, Wiley BB, et al:  Effect of ethedium bromide on elimination of exfoliative toxin and bacteriocin production in S aureus . J Bacteriol 118:980-985, 1974;.
15 +
Lillibridge CB, Melish ME, Glasgow LA:  Site of action of exfoliative toxin in the staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome . Pediatrics 50:728-732, 1972;.
16 +
Kapral FA, Miller MM:  Product of S aureus responsible for the scalded-skin syndrome . Infect Immunol 4:541-545, 1971;.
17 +
Gagliano VJ, Hinsdill RD:  Characterization of a S aureus bacteriocin . J Bactiol 104:117-125, 1970;.
18 +
Wiley BB, Allman S, Rogolsky M, et al:  Staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome: Potentiation by immunosuppression . Infect Immunol 9:636-640, 1974;.
19 +
Miller MM, Kapral FA;  Neutralization of S aureus exfoliation by antibody . Infect Immunol 6:561-563, 1972;.
20 +
Buchanan RE, Gibbons NE: Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology , ed 8. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Inc, 1974;, pp 483-489.
21 +
Thygeson P:  Complications of staphylococcic blepharitis . Am J Ophthalmol 68:446-449, 1969;.
22 +
Duke-Elder S: Systems of Ophthalmology . St Louis, CV Mosby Co, 1965;, Vol 8, (pt 2) , pp 736-743.
23 +
de Schweinitz CE: Diseases of the Eye . Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1917;,p 242.
24 +
Ostler HB, Lanier JD:  Phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis with special reference to the staphylococcal type . Trans Pac Coast Ophthalmol Otolaryngol , 1974;, pp 237-252.
25 +
Thygeson P:  Observations on nontuberculous phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis . Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolorygol 58:128-133, 1954;.
26 +
Jeffery MP:  Ocular diseases caused by nematodes . Am J Ophthalmol 40:411-414, 1955;.
27 +
English FP, Iwamoto T, Darrell RW, et al:  The vector potential of Demodex folliculorum . Arch Ophthalmol 84:83-85, 1970;.
28 +
Luckasen JR, Sabad A, Goltz RW, et al:  T and B lymphocytes in atopic eczema . Arch Dermatol 110:375-377, 1974;.
29 +
Leibold AM, Suie T:  In vitro effects of sulfacetamide . Am J Ophthalmol 45:383-386, 1958;.
30 +
Gordon DM:  Gentamicin sulfate in external eye infections . Am J Ophthalmol 69:300-306, 1970;.
31 +
Lobo MC, Mandell GL:  Treatment of experimental staphylococcal infection with rifampin . Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2:195-200, 1972;.
32 +
Mandell GL, Vest TK:  Killing of intraleukocytic S aureus by rifampin . J Infect Dis 125:486-490, 1972;.
33 +
Steigbigel RT, Greenman RL, Remington JS:  Antibiotic combinations in the treatment of experimental S aureus infection . J Infect Dis 131:245-251, 1975;.
34 +
Smolin G, Hall JM, Okumoto M, et al: Effect of systemic corticosteroids on antibody-forming cells in the eye and draining lymph nodes. Ann Ophthalmol, to be published.
35 +
Thygeson P:  Treatment of staphylococcal blepharoconjunctivitis with staphylococcus toxoid . Arch Ophthalmol 26:430-434, 1941;.
36 +
Kline BC:  Pili, plasmids, and microbial virulence . Mayo Clin Proc 51:3-4, 1976;.

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