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January 1980, Vol 98, No. 1 >
ARTICLE | January 1980

Structural Alterations in Overacting Inferior Oblique Muscles FREE

Robert F. Spencer, PhD; Keith W. McNeer, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Accepted for publication April 16, 1979.

Reprint requests to Department of Anatomy, PO Box 906, Medical College of Virginia, MCV Station, Richmond, VA 23298 (Dr Spencer).


Arch Ophthalmol. 1980;98(1):128-133. doi:10.1001/archopht.1980.01020030130015
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• Primary and secondary overacting inferior oblique muscles were examined by light and electron microscopy and compared to normal inferior oblique muscles. The most conspicuous light microscopic difference between primary overacting and normal muscles was the presence of granular fibers in overacting muscles that contained sarcoplasmic masses. Some primary and secondary overacting muscles also contained fibers displaying increased vacuolization and atrophy. Other secondary overacting muscles showed only numerous fibers at various stages of atrophy. The affected fibers were distributed throughout the central and global regions of the posterior portion of the muscle. Electron microscopic examination showed aggregations of mitochondria and degenerating mitochondrial profiles. Longitudinal fiber splitting and activated satellite cells were associated with fibers displaying increased vacuolization. The results suggest that the primary overacting inferior oblique muscle is the result of a bilateral paresis of the superior oblique muscle.

REFERENCES

1 +
Ghi S:  Study of the A-V patterns in horizontal strabismus . Acta Soc Ophthalmol Jap 73:886-897, 1969;.
2 +
Parks MM:  The overacting inferior oblique muscle . Am J Ophthalmol 77:787-797, 1974;.
3 +
Scott AB:  A and V patterns in exotropia . Am J Ophthalmol 65:12-19, 1968;.
4 +
Khawam E, Scott AB, Jampolsky A:  Acquired superior oblique palsy . Arch Ophthalmol 77:761-768, 1967;.
5 +
Mukuno K, Ishikawa S, Togo T, et al:  Histopathological study on the overacted inferior oblique muscles with special reference to "central core" with the muscle fibers . Jap J Ophthalmol 20:166-176, 1976;.
6 +
McNeer KW, Scott AB, Jampolsky A:  A technique for surgically weakening the inferior oblique muscle . Am J Ophthalmol 73:87-88, 1965;.
7 +
Durston JHJ:  Histochemistry of primate extraocular muscles and the changes of denervation . Br J Ophthalmol 58:193-216, 1974;.
8 +
Ringel SP, Wilson WB, Barden MT, et al:  Histochemistry of human extraocular muscle . Arch Ophthalmol 96:1067-1072, 1978;.
9 +
Martinez AJ, Hay S, McNeer KW:  Extraocular muscles: Light microscopy and ultrastructural features . Acta Neuropath 34:237-253, 1976;.
10 +
Berard-Badier M, Pellisier JF, Toga M, et al:  Ultrastructural studies of extraocular muscles in ocular motility disorders: II. Morphological analysis of 38 biopsies . Albrecht von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol 208:193-205, 1978;.
11 +
Mukuno K:  Fine structures of the human extraocular muscles with special reference to ring band, rod-like structure, and satellite cells . Adv Neurol Sci 14:67-74, 1970;.
12 +
Shafiq SA, Gorycki MA, Milhorat AT:  An electron microscopic study of regeneration and satellite cells in human muscle . Neurology 17:567-574, 1967;.
13 +
Chou SM, Nonaka I:  Satellite cells and muscle regeneration in diseased human skeletal muscles . J Neurol Sci 34:131-145, 1977;.
14 +
Cheng K, Breinin GM:  Fine structure of nerve endings in extraocular muscle . Arch Ophthalmol 74:822-834, 1965;.
15 +
Mukuno K:  Fine structure of human extraocular muscles: Neuromuscular junction in the normal human extraocular muscles . Acta Soc Ophthalmol Jap 72:104-121, 1968;.
16 +
Duke-Elder S, Wybar K:  Ocular Motility and Strabismus , in Duke-Elder S (ed): System of Ophthalmology . St Louis, CV Mosby Co, 1973;, vol 6, pp 110-127, 771-794.
17 +
Hall-Craggs ECB, Lawrence CA:  Longitudinal fibre division in skeletal muscle: A light and electron microscopic study . Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat 109:481-494, 1970;.
18 +
Engel WK:  Mitochondrial aggregates in muscle disease . J Histochem Cytochem 12:46-48, 1964;.
19 +
Dietert SE:  The demonstration of different types of muscle fibers in human extraocular muscle by electron microscopy and cholinesterase staining . Invest Ophthalmol 4:51-63, 1965;.
20 +
Brandt DE, Leeson CR:  Structural differences of fast and slow fibers in human extraocular muscle . Am J Ophthalmol 62:478-487, 1966;.
21 +
Margolis S, Pachter BR, Breinin GM:  Structural alterations of extraocular muscle associated with Apert's syndrome . Br J Ophthalmol 61:683-689, 1977;.
22 +
Sakimoto T:  Electron microscopic studies on human extraocular muscles: II. Fine structures of the extraocular muscles with myaesthenia gravis . Acta Soc Ophthalmol Jap 73:2128-2146, 1969;.
23 +
Sakimoto T:  Electron microscopic studies on human extraocular muscles: III. Fine structural finding in extraocular muscles with descending ocular myopathy . Acta Soc Ophthalmol Jap 75:748-764, 1971;.
24 +
Reznik M, Engel WK:  Ultrastructural and histochemical correlations of experimental muscle regeneration . J Neurol Sci 11:167-185, 1970;.
25 +
Schmalbruch H:  Muscle fibre splitting and regeneration in diseased human muscle . Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2:3-19, 1976;.
26 +
Swash M, Schwartz MS, Sargeant MK:  Pathogenesis of longitudinal splitting of muscle fibers in neurogenic disorders and in polymyositis . Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 4:99-115, 1978;.
27 +
Swash M, Schwartz MS:  Implications of longitudinal muscle fibre splitting in neurogenic and myopathic disorders . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 40:1152-1159, 1977;.
28 +
Jampolsky A:  The A and V syndromes , in Haik GM (ed): Strabismus: Symposium of the New Orleans Academy of Ophthalmology . St Louis, CV Mosby Co, 1962;,pp 157-177.

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1 +
Ghi S:  Study of the A-V patterns in horizontal strabismus . Acta Soc Ophthalmol Jap 73:886-897, 1969;.
2 +
Parks MM:  The overacting inferior oblique muscle . Am J Ophthalmol 77:787-797, 1974;.
3 +
Scott AB:  A and V patterns in exotropia . Am J Ophthalmol 65:12-19, 1968;.
4 +
Khawam E, Scott AB, Jampolsky A:  Acquired superior oblique palsy . Arch Ophthalmol 77:761-768, 1967;.
5 +
Mukuno K, Ishikawa S, Togo T, et al:  Histopathological study on the overacted inferior oblique muscles with special reference to "central core" with the muscle fibers . Jap J Ophthalmol 20:166-176, 1976;.
6 +
McNeer KW, Scott AB, Jampolsky A:  A technique for surgically weakening the inferior oblique muscle . Am J Ophthalmol 73:87-88, 1965;.
7 +
Durston JHJ:  Histochemistry of primate extraocular muscles and the changes of denervation . Br J Ophthalmol 58:193-216, 1974;.
8 +
Ringel SP, Wilson WB, Barden MT, et al:  Histochemistry of human extraocular muscle . Arch Ophthalmol 96:1067-1072, 1978;.
9 +
Martinez AJ, Hay S, McNeer KW:  Extraocular muscles: Light microscopy and ultrastructural features . Acta Neuropath 34:237-253, 1976;.
10 +
Berard-Badier M, Pellisier JF, Toga M, et al:  Ultrastructural studies of extraocular muscles in ocular motility disorders: II. Morphological analysis of 38 biopsies . Albrecht von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol 208:193-205, 1978;.
11 +
Mukuno K:  Fine structures of the human extraocular muscles with special reference to ring band, rod-like structure, and satellite cells . Adv Neurol Sci 14:67-74, 1970;.
12 +
Shafiq SA, Gorycki MA, Milhorat AT:  An electron microscopic study of regeneration and satellite cells in human muscle . Neurology 17:567-574, 1967;.
13 +
Chou SM, Nonaka I:  Satellite cells and muscle regeneration in diseased human skeletal muscles . J Neurol Sci 34:131-145, 1977;.
14 +
Cheng K, Breinin GM:  Fine structure of nerve endings in extraocular muscle . Arch Ophthalmol 74:822-834, 1965;.
15 +
Mukuno K:  Fine structure of human extraocular muscles: Neuromuscular junction in the normal human extraocular muscles . Acta Soc Ophthalmol Jap 72:104-121, 1968;.
16 +
Duke-Elder S, Wybar K:  Ocular Motility and Strabismus , in Duke-Elder S (ed): System of Ophthalmology . St Louis, CV Mosby Co, 1973;, vol 6, pp 110-127, 771-794.
17 +
Hall-Craggs ECB, Lawrence CA:  Longitudinal fibre division in skeletal muscle: A light and electron microscopic study . Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat 109:481-494, 1970;.
18 +
Engel WK:  Mitochondrial aggregates in muscle disease . J Histochem Cytochem 12:46-48, 1964;.
19 +
Dietert SE:  The demonstration of different types of muscle fibers in human extraocular muscle by electron microscopy and cholinesterase staining . Invest Ophthalmol 4:51-63, 1965;.
20 +
Brandt DE, Leeson CR:  Structural differences of fast and slow fibers in human extraocular muscle . Am J Ophthalmol 62:478-487, 1966;.
21 +
Margolis S, Pachter BR, Breinin GM:  Structural alterations of extraocular muscle associated with Apert's syndrome . Br J Ophthalmol 61:683-689, 1977;.
22 +
Sakimoto T:  Electron microscopic studies on human extraocular muscles: II. Fine structures of the extraocular muscles with myaesthenia gravis . Acta Soc Ophthalmol Jap 73:2128-2146, 1969;.
23 +
Sakimoto T:  Electron microscopic studies on human extraocular muscles: III. Fine structural finding in extraocular muscles with descending ocular myopathy . Acta Soc Ophthalmol Jap 75:748-764, 1971;.
24 +
Reznik M, Engel WK:  Ultrastructural and histochemical correlations of experimental muscle regeneration . J Neurol Sci 11:167-185, 1970;.
25 +
Schmalbruch H:  Muscle fibre splitting and regeneration in diseased human muscle . Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2:3-19, 1976;.
26 +
Swash M, Schwartz MS, Sargeant MK:  Pathogenesis of longitudinal splitting of muscle fibers in neurogenic disorders and in polymyositis . Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 4:99-115, 1978;.
27 +
Swash M, Schwartz MS:  Implications of longitudinal muscle fibre splitting in neurogenic and myopathic disorders . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 40:1152-1159, 1977;.
28 +
Jampolsky A:  The A and V syndromes , in Haik GM (ed): Strabismus: Symposium of the New Orleans Academy of Ophthalmology . St Louis, CV Mosby Co, 1962;,pp 157-177.

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