JAMA Ophthalmology: Optics/Refraction Topic Collection

New Cases of Myopia in Children New Cases of Myopia in Children

Kleinstein RN, Sinnott LT, Jones-Jordan LA, et al. — Mon, 01 Oct 2012 00:00:00 GMT

Objective

To report the percentage of new cases of myopia in 4927 children aged 5 to 16 years who participated in the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Ethnicity and Refractive Error Study between 1989 and 2009.

Design

A multicenter, longitudinal, observational, volunteer study of refractive error and ocular development in children from 5 racial/ethnic groups in which the participants were children who were not myopic (right eye cycloplegic autorefraction of less myopia/more hyperopia than −0.75 diopters [D] in both principal meridians) at study entry. A new case was a diagnosis of myopia (right eye cycloplegic autorefraction of −0.75 D or more myopia in both principal meridians) after study entry.

Results

Of the 4556 children entering the study who were not myopic, 749 (16.4%) received a diagnosis of myopia after study entry. Among these 749 children, the ages of the participants at diagnosis varied from 7 to 16 years, with the largest number diagnosed at age 11 years (136 participants [18.2%]). New cases of myopia occurred in 27.3% of Asians, 21.4% of Hispanics, 14.5% of Native Americans, 13.9% of African Americans, and 11% of whites. Female participants had more new cases than did male participants (18.5% vs 14.5%). Normal-birth-weight children had more new cases than did low-birth-weight children (16.9% vs 15.5%).

Conclusions

Sixteen percent of children enrolled in the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Ethnicity and Refractive Error Study developed myopia during their school-aged years. The percentage increased yearly until age 11 years, after which it decreased. New cases of myopia varied by ethnic/racial group.

Relationship Among CFH and ARMS2 Genotypes, Macular Pigment Optical Density, and Neuroretinal Function in Persons Without Age-Related Macular Degeneration CFH and ARMS2 , MPOD, and Neuroretinal Function

Feigl B, Morris C, Brown B, et al. — Thu, 01 Nov 2012 00:00:00 GMT

Objectives

To determine whether there is a difference in neuroretinal function and in macular pigment optical density between persons with high- and low-risk gene variants for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and no ophthalmoscopic signs of AMD, and to compare the results on neuroretinal function to patients with manifest early AMD.

Methods

Neuroretinal function was assessed with the multifocal electroretinogram for 32 participants (22 healthy persons with no AMD and 10 patients with early AMD). The 22 healthy participants with no AMD had either high- or low-risk genotypes for CFH (rs380390) and/or ARMS2 (rs10490924). Trough-to-peak response densities and peak-implicit times were analyzed in 5 concentric rings. Macular pigment optical density was assessed by use of customized heterochromatic flicker photometry.

Results

Trough-to-peak response densities for concentric rings 1 to 3 were, on average, significantly greater in participants with high-risk genotypes than in participants with low-risk genotypes and in persons with early AMD after correction for age and smoking (P < .05). The group peak-implicit times for ring 1 were, on average, delayed in the patients with early AMD compared with the participants with high- or low-risk genotypes, although these differences were not significant. There was no significant correlation between genotypes and macular pigment optical density.

Conclusions

Increased neuroretinal activity in persons who carry high-risk AMD genotypes may be due to genetically determined subclinical inflammatory and/or histological changes in the retina. Neuroretinal function in healthy persons genetically susceptible to AMD may be a useful additional early biomarker (in combination with genetics) of AMD before there is a clinical manifestation.

Central Serous Chorioretinopathy in Myopic Patients

Yzer S, Fung AT, Barbazetto I, et al. — Mon, 01 Oct 2012 00:00:00 GMT

Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is typically seen in hyperopic or emmetropic eyes, most of which have a thickened choroid.We describe 6 eyes of 6 patients with CSC and significant myopia (Table and Figure). All eyes had a thickened choroid relative to their refractive error as measured by enhanced-depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (Heidelberg Spectralis HRA + OCT; Heidelberg Engineering, Inc). No patients were receiving steroids.

Myopic Schisis With Scrolled Posterior Hyaloid

Reisner A, Vora RA, Goldman DR, et al. — Mon, 01 Oct 2012 00:00:00 GMT